BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliography

Legal Reference Centre

Academic literature

Ally, N. & Kazim, T. 2024. Lessons from the ‘minimum core’ approach to the right to basic education in South Africa. African Human Rights Law Journal, 24(1):79–208. doi: 10.17159/1996-2096/2024/v24n1a9

Arendse, L. 2014. Beyond Rivonia: transformative constitutionalism and the public education system. Southern African Public Law, 29(1):159–174. doi: 10.25159/2522-6800/3623

Arendse, L. 2020. Slowly but surely: The substantive approach to the right to basic education of the South African courts post-Juma Musjid. African Human Rights Law Journal, 20(1):285–314. doi: 10.17159/1996-2096/2020/v20n1a11

Bayat, A., Kholi, N. & Madyibi, S. 2024. Grade repetition, school drop-out and ineffective school policy. Journal of Education, 9(1):81–93. doi: 10.29138/educatio.v9i2.1514

Bayat, A., Louw, W. & Rena, R. 2014. Investigating the confluence of factors impacting on underperformance at selected secondary schools in the Western Cape, South Africa. International Journal of Educational Sciences, 7(1):41–55. doi: 10.1080/09751122.2014.11890168

Chipangura, B. 2023. Infrastructure, human capital, and online teaching during COVID-19 disruptions: Teachers’ experiences at five South African private schools. The African Journal of Information and Communication, 32:1–17. doi: 10.23962/ajic.i32.15934

Corruption Watch. 2022. Corruption still afflicts SA’s education sector, says new CW report. [Online]. Available: https://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/corruption-continues-to-afflict-sas-education-sector-says-new-cw-report/#:~:text=Getting%20your%20Trinity%20Audio%20player,from%20primary%20to%20tertiary%20level Accessed: 24 February 2026.

Doust, A.R., Khan, W.A., Husain, A. & Al-Ghafri, M. 2022. The relationship between schools’ infrastructures and teaching-learning process with students mathematics achievements. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal, 30(1):13–23. doi: 10520/ejc-ifepsyc_v30_n1_a3

Duri, B., McKay, T.J.M. & Gunter, A. 2025. Safety and security challenges of scholar transport in South Africa: an overview. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 19(0):1–11. doi: 10.4102/jtscm.v19i0.1137

Federation of Governing Bodies of South African Schools (FEDSAS), 2025. FEDSAS: Provincial education departments have a failure rate of 66% for payments to schools. [Online]. Available: https://www.fedsas.org.za/Media/Article/fedsas-provincial-education-departments-have-a-failure-rate-of-66-for-payments-to-schools-202511211059 Accessed: 26 February 2026.

Govender, P. 2025a. Gauteng education departments suspends filling 496 posts amid budget constraints. News24. [Online]. Available: https://www.news24.com/southafrica/education/gauteng-education-department-suspends-filling-496-posts-amid-budget-constraints-20251204-0546 Accessed: 26 February 2026.

Govender, P. 2025b. KZN, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape slammed for underfunding over 4.25 million pupils by 2.5bn. News24. [Online]. Available: https://www.news24.com/southafrica/education/kzn-mpumalanga-northern-cape-slammed-for-underfunding-over-425-million-pupils-by-r25bn-20250526-1107 Accessed: 26 February 2026.

Kallaway, P. (ed.). 2002. The history of education under apartheid, 1948-1994: The doors of culture and learning shall be opened. Cape Town: Pearson Education.

Kamga, S.D. 2017. The Right to a Basic Education. In: Boezaart, T. ed. Child Law in South Africa. 2nd ed. Lansdowne: Juta. 517–533.

Kanyopa, T.J. & Chibaya, S. 2025. Conceptual analysis of the Basic Education Laws Amendment Act and its implications for diversity and inclusion. Journal of Posthumanism, 5(7):1904–1915. doi: 10.63332/joph.v5i7.2987

Kemp, G. 2023. From apartheid to democracy in South Africa. In: Czeguhn, I. & Thiessen J. (eds.). Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History. Duncker & Humblot GmbH. 219:153–176. [Online]. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.22362037.12 Accessed: 28 January 2026.

Kibert, E. & Fombard, C. 2017. Transformative constitutionalism and the adjudication of constitutional rights in Africa. African Human Rights Law Journal, 17(2):209–234. doi: 10.17159/1996-2096/2017/v17n2a1

Klare, K.E. 1998. Legal culture and transformative constitutionalism. South African Journal on Human Rights, 14(1):146–188. doi: 10.1080/02587203.1998.11834974

Kruger, J.H.C. 2021. Management and governance decentralisation in public schools: principals’ perspectives on recentralised decentralisation. Unpublished PhD thesis. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.

Langa, P. 2006. Transformative constitutionalism. Stellenbosch Law Review, 17(3):35–360. doi: 10520/EJC54606

Liebenberg, S. 2016. Remedial principles and meaningful engagement in education rights disputes. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, 19:1–43. doi: 10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19n0a1.

Liebenberg, S. 2022. The art of the (im)possible? Justice Froneman’s contribution to designing remedies for structural human rights violations. Constitutional Court Review, 12:137–170. doi: 10.2989/CCR.2022.0006

Maistry, A. & Van Schalkwyk, C. 2024. Litigating the right to a basic education for undocumented children in South Africa: The role of the courts in advancing access to schools. African Human Rights Journal, 24(1):229–263. doi: 10.17159/1996-2096/2024/v24n1a11

Malematja, S. 2025. The Right to Basic Education for Children with Disabilities: South Africa’s Quest for an Inclusive System. Southern African Public Law, 40(1):1–30.

Mbatha, J. & Abraham, V. 2024. Five months without pay for deaf and hearing employees at Eastern Cape Special Schools. SADTU. [Online]. Available: https://www.sadtu.org.za/2024/five-months-without-pay-for-deaf-and-hearing-employees-at-eastern-cape-special-schools/ Accessed: 26 February 2026.

McConnachie, C., Skelton, A. & McConnachie, C. 2022. The constitution and the right to a basic education. In: Veriava, F., Thom, A. & Hodgson, T.F. (eds.). (2017). Basic Education Rights Handbook. Johannesburg: SECTION27. pp. 12–37. [Online]. Available: https://section27.org.za/basic-education-rights/Basic%20Education%20Handbook%20-%20Chapter%201.pdf Accessed: 29 January 2026.

Metlerkamp, T. 2023. International study shows most Grade 4s in South Africa cannot read for meaning. Daily Maverick, 16 May. [Online]. Available: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-05-16-international-study-shows-81-of-grade-4s-in-south-africa-cannot-read-for-meaning/ Accessed: 26 January 2026.

Mokgwathi, M.S., Graham, M.A. & De Villiers, J.J.R. 2023. School infrastructure challenges in South Africa: Experiences of high school principals and teachers. South African Journal of Education, 43(4):1–13. doi: 10.15700/saje.v43n4a2303

Mulaudzi, L., Reyneke, M. & Gcelu, N. 2024. Evaluating the South African School Nutrition Programme during school breaks against the core principles and the right to education the Convention on the rights of the child. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1):1–17. doi: 10.1080/23311886.2023.2290692

Mulaudzi, L., Reyneke, M. & Gcelu, N. 2025. Evaluating the South African national school nutrition programme guidelines: Insights on general guidelines and provisions for school holidays. South African Journal of Education, 45(3):1–17. doi: 10.15700/saje.v45n3a2509

Mupangavanhu, Y. 2024. Copyright law and human rights: Blind SA v Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition and its potentially far-reaching implications. South African Journal on Human Rights, 40(3-4):313–326. doi: 10.1080/02587203.2024.2437025

Ncala, M. 2022. Sound the alarm: Corruption in the education sector. Corruption Watch. [Online]. Available: https://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Sound-the-Alarm-Sectoral-Report-Education_Aug2022.pdf Accessed: 24 February 2026.

Ncube, C.B. & Samtani, S. 2023. Copyright, disability rights, and the Constitution: Blind SA SA v Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition. Constitutional Court Review, 13:471–503. doi: 10.2989/CCR.2023.0016

Nhlapo, V.A., Marais-Botha, R. & Botha, W. 2023. Using (or not using) technology to enhance teaching and learning in historically disadvantaged school communities in South Africa. Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 3(1):43–54. doi: 10520/ejc-sajelm_v3_n1_a4

Noutchie, S.C.O. 2025. Reforming basic education in South Africa: Socio-political implications of the BELA Bill. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 14(4):440–448. doi: 10.20525/ijrbs.v14i4.4193

National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS). n.d. The DHET Bursary Scheme. [Online]. Available: https://www.nsfas.org.za/content/bursary-scheme.html Accessed: 29 January 2026.

Ntanzi, H. 2026. Hawks making sweeping arrests in Mpumalanga education fraud scandal. IOL. 23 February. [Online]. Available: https://iol.co.za/news/crime-and-courts/2026-02-22-hawks-make-sweeping-arrests-in-mpumalanga-education-fraud-scandal/ Accessed: 24 February 2026.

Nyane, H. 2024. The challenges of litigating the right to basic education in South Africa: Is the right realisable immediately or subject to resource limitation? Journal for Juridical Science, 49(3):46–69. doi: 10.38140/jjs.v49i3.7989

Oosthuizen, I.J. & Van der Walt, J.L. 2024. Basic principles and legal perspectives on the Basic Education Laws Amendment Bill – BELA (2021). Journal for Christian Scholarship, 60(3-4):47–62. doi: 10520/ejc-tcwet_v60_n3_4_a3

Reyneke, R.P. 2024. The role of social services in realising children’s rights in and through education. Education as Change, 28(1):1–23. doi: 10.25159/1947-9417/15049

Roux, T. 2018. Beyond Rivonia: Transformative constitutionalism and the public education system. Speculum Juris, 32(2):163–182. doi: 10.25159/2522-6800/3623

Sayed, Y. 1999. Discourses of the policy of educational decentralisation in South Africa since 1994: An examination of the South African Schools Act. A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 29(2):141–152. doi: 10.1080/0305792990290204

Sayed, Y. 2002. Democratising education in a decentralised system: South African policy and practice. Compare, 32(1):35–46. doi: 10.1080/03057920120116517

Shai, I. 2019. The right to development, transformative constitutionalism and radical transformation in South Africa: Post-colonial and de-colonial reflection. African Human Rights Law Journal, 19(1):494–509. doi: 10.17159/1996-2096/2019/v19n1a23

Simbo, C. 2013. The right to basic education, the South African Constitution and the Juma Musjid case: An unqualified human right and a minimum core standard. Law, Democracy and Development, 17:477–503. doi: 10.4314/ldd.v17i1.23

Smit, M. & Oosthuizen, I. 2011. Improving school governance through participative democracy and the law. South African Journal of Education, 31(1):55–73. ISSN: 0256-0100

Soudien, C. 2023. Race, class and the democratic project in contemporary South African education: Working and reworking the law. Education Policy Analysis, 31(105):1–19. doi: 10.14507/epaa.31.8017

South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC). 2023. School infrastructure North West Inquiry Report. Johannesburg: South African Human Rights Commission. [Online]. Available: https://www.sahrc.org.za/home/21/files/Schools%20Infrastructure%20Inquiry%20Report.pdf#:~:text=Through%20its%20report%2C%20the%20Commission,the%20rights%20in%20the%20Constitution Accessed: 23 January 2026.

South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC). 2026. Scholar Transport. Final Inquiry Report. Johannesburg: South African Human Rights Commission. [Online]. Available: https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/publications/591-north-west-scholar-transport-report/viewdocument/591 Accessed: 26 January 2026.

Swanepoel, P. 2017. The potential of structural interdicts to constitute effective relief in socio-economic rights cases. Unpublished LLM dissertation. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.

Tigere, M.T. & Netshitangani, T. 2022. School Management teams’ perceptions of ICT integration in township and rural secondary schools in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: infrastructure challenges. Gender and Behaviour, 20(3):20022–20041. doi: 10520/ejc-genbeh_v20_n3_a29

Van der Berg, S. 2017. A capabilities approach to the adjudication of the right to a basic education in South Africa. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 18(4):497–516. doi: 10.1080/19452829.2017.1355895

Van Wyk, S., Wills, G., Selkirk, R., Adams, C. & Van Wyk, C. 2019. The cost of repetition in South Africa’ Stellenbosch Economic Working Paper: WP13/2019. [Online]. Available: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3505854 Accessed: 26 January 2026.

Veriava, F. 2024. The Basic Education Laws Amendment Bill: A case study in transformative constitutionalism beyond the courts. African Human Rights Law Journal, 24(1):153–178. doi: 10.17159/1996-2096/2024/v24n1a8 

Veriava, F. & Harding, M. 2023. The Komape litigation – ensuring effective remedies. De Jure Journal. 56(1):505–524. doi: 10.17159/2225-7160/2023/v56a30

Veriava, F. & Skelton A. 2019. The right to basic education: a comparative study of the United States, India and Brazil. South African Journal on Human Rights, 35(1):1–24. Doi: 10.1080/02587203.2019.1590916

Walton, E. 2018. Teacher beliefs about grade repetition: An exploratory South African study. Citizenship Teaching & Learning, 13(1):45–60. doi: 10.1386/ctl.13.1.45_1

Weber, E. 2002. An ambiguous, contested terrain: Governance models for the new South African education system. International Journal of Educational Development, 22:617–635. doi: 10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00031-1

Workman, M. 2023. Our education system is failing and crime and corruption are a major part of the problem. Daily Maverick. [Online]. Available: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-01-16-our-failing-education-system-the-big-problem-of-crime-corruption/ Accessed: 24 February 2026.

Yassim, K. 2025. Jobs-for-cash corruption continues to poison South Africa’s education system. Daily Maverick. [Online]. Available: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2025-09-10-jobs-for-cash-corruption-continues-to-poison-south-africas-education-system/ Accessed: 24 February 2026.

International law

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2013. Marrakesh Treaty to facilitate Access to published Works for Persons Who are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print disabled. WIPO Lex document 301016. [Online]. Available: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/301016 Accessed: 19 January 2026.

African Union. 1981. African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (“Banjul Charter”). OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 [Online]. Available: https://au.int/en/treaties/african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights Accessed: 19 January 2026.

African Union. 1990. African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/24.9/49. [Online]. Available: https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36804-treaty-african_charter_on_rights_welfare_of_the_child.pdf Accessed: 19 January 2026.

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). 1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [Online]. Available: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights Accessed: 19 January 2026.

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). 1966. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. United Nations, Treaty Series, 993:3. [Online]. Available: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights Accessed: 19 January 2026.

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). 1989. Convention on the Rights of the Child. United Nations, Treaty Series, 1577:3. [Online]. Available: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child. Accessed: 19 January 2026.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 1960. Convention against Discrimination in Education. United Nations, Treaty Series, 429:93. [Online]. Available: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-discrimination-education Accessed: 19 January 2026.

Policy documents

Department of Basic Education (DBE). 2011. National policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R-12. (Government Gazette 34600) [Online]. Available: https://www.education.gov.za/Portals/0/Documents/Policies/PolicyProgPromReqNCS.pdf Accessed: 10 June 2026.

Department of Basic Education (DBE). 2015. ASIDI Disbursement, Professional and Management Fee Policy and Procedure. (Government Gazette 38810) [Online]. Available: https://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=8NHKXITJe3Y%3d&tabid=390&portalid=0&mid=1124 Accessed: 26 February 2026.

Department of Basic Education (DBE). 2018. Policy on Home Education. (Government Gazette 42037) [Online]. Available: https://www.education.gov.za/Portals/0/Documents/Policies/Policy%20on%20Home%20Education%2020182.pdf?ver=2020-01-14-101505-297 Accessed: 26 February 2026.

Department of Basic Education (DBE). 2023. Education Privacy Policy. [Online]. Available: https://www.education.gov.za/Resources/Policies.aspx?utm_source Accessed: 26 February 2026.

Department of Transport (DoT). 2015. National Learner Transport Policy. (Government Gazette 39214) [Online]. Available: https://www.dpme.gov.za/keyfocusareas/evaluationsSite/Evaluation%20Reports/Learner%20Transport%20Evaluation%20-%201_5_25%20Report%20(edited%2015%20February%202019)%20FINAL.pdf Accessed: 10 June 2026.

Regulations

Department of Basic Education (DBE). 2013. Regulations relating to minimum uniform norms and standards for public school infrastructure (Norms and Standards for School Infrastructure). (Government Gazette 37081) [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37081rg10067gon920.pdf Accessed: 10 June 2026.

Department of Basic Education (DBE). 2025a. Admission of Learners to Public Schools Regulations (Admission of Learners). (Government Gazette 53119) [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202508/53119gen3415.pdf Accessed: 10 June 2026.

Department of Basic Education (DBE). South Africa. 2025b. Regulations on Minimum Uniform Norms and Standards for Capacity of Ordinary Public Schools (Capacity of Public Schools). (Government Gazette 53120) [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202508/53120gen3416.pdf Accessed: 10 June 2026.

White papers

Department of Education (DoE). 1995. White Paper on Education and Training. (Government Gazette 16312) [Online]. Available: https://www.dhet.gov.za/Part%20C%20%20Policies/WHITE%20PAPERS/1.%20White%20Paper%20on%20Education%20and%20Training.pdf Accessed: 10 June 2026.

Department of Education (DoE). 1996. Education White Paper 2: The Organisation. (Government Gazette 16987) [Online]. Available: https://www.dhet.gov.za/Part%20C%20%20Policies/WHITE%20PAPERS/2.%20Education%20White%20Paper%203%20Programme%20for%20the%20Transformation%20of%20Higher%20Education.pdf Accessed: 10 June 2026.

Department of Education (DoE). 2001a. Education White Paper 5: Early Childhood Education. [Online]. Available: https://www.dhet.gov.za/Part%20C%20%20Policies/WHITE%20PAPERS/4.%20Education%20White%20Paper%205%20on%20Early%20Childhood%20Education%20Meeting%20the%20challenge%20of%20Early%20Childhood%20Development%20in%20South%20Africa.pdf Accessed: 10 June 2026.

Department of Education (DoE). 2001b. Education White Paper 6: Special needs education: building an inclusive education and training system. [Online]. Available: https://www.dhet.gov.za/Part%20C%20%20Policies/WHITE%20PAPERS/5.%20Education%20White%20Paper%206%20Building%20an%20inclusive%20education%20and%20training%20system.pdf Accessed: 10 June 2026.